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FranceNormandy Saint Louis' Sainte Chapelle Represents French Impact Religious ArchitectureDuring Middle Ages Many Fortified Castles Were Built Feudal Nobles Mark Their Powers Some French Castles That Survived Chinon Château D'Angers Massive Château De Vincennes So-called Cathar Castles During This Era France Had Been Using Romanesque Architecture Like Most Of Western Europe Some Of Greatest Examples Of Romanesque Churches France Saint Sernin Basilica Toulouse Largest Romanesque Church Europe, Remains Of Cluniac AbbeyThe Gothic Architecture Originally Named Opus Francigenum Meaning French Work, Was Born Île-de-France Was First French Style Of Architecture Be Copied All Europe Northern France Home Of Some Of Most Important Gothic Cathedrals Basilicas First Of These Being Saint Denis Basilica (used Royal Necropolis) Other Important French Gothic Cathedrals Notre-Dame De Chartres Notre-Dame D'Amiens Kings Were Crowned Another Important Gothic Church Notre-Dame De Reims Aside From Churches Gothic Architecture Had Been Used Many Religious Palaces Most Important One Being Palais Des Papes AvignonThe Final Victory Hundred Years' War Marked Important Stage Evolution Of French Architecture Was Time Of French Renaissance Several Artists From Italy Were Invited French Court Many Residential Palaces Were Built Loire Valley From 1450 With First Reference Château De Montsoreau Such Residential Castles Were Château De Chambord Château De Chenonceau Or Château D'AmboisePlace De La Bourse Bordeaux Example Of French Baroque ArchitectureFollowing Renaissance End Of Middle Ages Baroque Architecture Replaced Traditional Gothic Style However France Baroque Architecture Found Greater Success Secular Domain Than Religious One Secular Domain Palace Of Versailles Has Many Baroque Features Jules Hardouin Mansart Who Designed Extensions Versailles Was One Of Most Influential French Architect Of Baroque Era He Famous His Dome Les Invalides Some Of Most Impressive Provincial Baroque Architecture Found Places That Were Not Yet French Such Place Stanislas Nancy Military Architectural Side Vauban Designed Some Of Most Efficient Fortresses Europe Became Influential Military Architect Result Imitations Of His Works Can Be Found All Over Europe Americas Russia TurkeyOpéra Garnier Interior Showing Chandeliers Gilded Decoration
Saint-Bruno des Chartreux (17th 18th century) church masterpiece of Baroque architecture Paris has been international capital of high fashion since 19th century particularly domain of haute couture clothing hand-made order private clients home of some of largest fashion houses world including Dior Chanel of many well-known fashion designers including Karl Lagerfeld Jean-Paul Gaultier Christophe Josse Christian Lacroix Paris Fashion Week held January July Carrousel du Louvre other city locations among top four events of international fashion calendar along with fashion weeks Milan London New York Paris also home of world's largest cosmetics company L'Oréal three of five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories Louis Vuitton Hermés Cartier Most of major fashion designers have their showrooms along Avenue Montaigne between Champs-Élysées SeineHolidays festivals. The main attractions outside city centre include Marseille television EPITECH. École Normale Supérieure de Lyon France secular country freedom of religion constitutional right French religious policy based concept of laïcité strict separation of church state under which public life kept completely secularAccording survey held 2016 Institut Montaigne Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP) 51.1% of total population of France was Christian of that year same time 39.6% of population had no religion (atheism or agnosticism) 5.6% were Muslims 2.5% were followers of other faiths remaining 0.4% were undecided about their faith Estimates of number of Muslims France vary widely 2003 French Ministry of Interior estimated total number of people of Muslim background be between 5 6 million (8–10%)current Jewish community France (as of 2016 about 0.8% of population religious Jews) largest Europe third-largest world after those Israel United StatesNotre-Dame de Reims façade gothic stone cathedral against blue sky. The French Republic unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic with strong democratic traditionsConstitution of Fifth Republic was approved referendum 28 September 1958greatly strengthened authority of executive relation parliament executive branch itself has two leaders President of Republic currently Emmanuel Macron who head of state elected directly universal adult suffrage 5-year term (formerly 7 years), Government led president-appointed Prime MinisterThe National Assembly lower house of French ParliamentThe French Parliament bicameral legislature comprising National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) SenateNational Assembly deputies represent local constituencies directly elected 5-year termsAssembly has power dismiss government thus majority Assembly determines choice of government Senators chosen electoral college 6-year terms (originally 9-year terms) one half of seats submitted election every 3 years starting September 2008The Senate's legislative powers limited event of disagreement between two chambers National Assembly has final sayGovernment has strong influence shaping agenda of ParliamentUntil World War II Radicals were strong political force France embodied Republican Radical Radical-Socialist Party which was most important party of Third Republic Since World War II they were marginalized while French politics became characterised two politically opposed groupings one left-wing centred French Section of Workers' International its successor Socialist Party (since 1969) other right-wing centred Gaullist Party whose name changed over time Rally of French People (1947) Union of Democrats Republic (1958) Rally Republic (1976) Union Popular Movement (2007) Republicans (since 2015) 2017 presidential legislative elections radical centrist party En Marche! became dominant force overtaking both Socialists RepublicansLaw. Main article Foreign relations of France, Marine (blue) regional (green) national (red) parks France In 2017 Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport was second-busiest airport Europe tenth-busiest airport worldParis major international air transport hub with 5th busiest airport system world city served three commercial international airports Paris-Charles de Gaulle Paris-Orly Beauvais-Tillé Together these three airports recorded traffic of 96.5 million passengers 2014 There also one general aviation airport Paris-Le Bourget historically oldest Parisian airport closest city centre which now used only private business flights air showsOrly Airport located southern suburbs of Paris replaced Le Bourget principal airport of Paris from 1950s 1980s Charles de Gaulle Airport located edge of northern suburbs of Paris opened commercial traffic 1974 became busiest Parisian airport 1993 year 2017 was 5th busiest airport world international traffic hub nation's flag carrier Air France Beauvais-Tillé Airport located 69 kilometres (43 miles) north of Paris's city centre used charter airlines low-cost carriers such RyanairDomestically air travel between Paris some of France's largest cities such Lyon Marseille or Strasbourg has been large measure replaced high-speed rail due opening of several high-speed TGV rail lines from 1980s example after LGV Méditerranée opened 2001 air traffic between Paris Marseille declined from 2,976,793 passengers 2000 1,502,196 passengers 2014 After LGV Est opened 2007 air traffic between Paris Strasbourg declined from 1,006,327 passengers 2006 157,207 passengers 2014Internationally air traffic has increased markedly recent years between Paris Gulf airports emerging nations of Africa Russia Turkey Portugal Italy mainland China whereas noticeable decline has been recorded between Paris British Isles Egypt Tunisia JapanMotorways. See also Architecture of Paris Haussmann's renovation of Paris Religious buildings Paris List of tallest buildings structures Paris region.
Main article Art Paris secondary or non-official language, Main article Telecommunications France See also Taxation France The Association Pour le Developpement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises (ADLCJ リヨン補習授業校 Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō) held Maison Berty Albrecht Villeurbanne near Lyonwas formed 1987serves Japanese expatriate children who wish continue their Japanese education whilst abroadTransport. Grand EstBourgogne-Franche-Comté Since 2000 Birdy Kids group of graffiti artists from city has decorated several random buildings walls along Lyon ring road 2012 artist collective has been chosen represent city its cultural ambassadorsEconomy. Transport View of Petit Nice Marseille's corniche (7th arrondissement) with Frioul archipelago Château d'If background, Examples of France's military Clockwise from top left nuclear aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft French Chasseurs Alpins patrolling valleys of Kapisa province Afghanistan Leclerc tankThe French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises) military paramilitary forces of France under President of Republic supreme commander They consist of French Army (Armée de Terre) French Navy (Marine Nationale formerly called Armée de Mer) French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) French Strategic Nuclear Force (Force Nucléaire Stratégique nicknamed Force de Frappe or Strike Force) Military Police called National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) which also fulfils civil police duties rural areas of France Together they among largest armed forces world largest EUWhile Gendarmerie integral part of French armed forces (gendarmes career soldiers) therefore under purview of Ministry of Armed Forces operationally attached Ministry of Interior far its civil police duties concernedWhen acting general purpose police force Gendarmerie encompasses counter terrorist units of Parachute Intervention Squadron of National Gendarmerie (Escadron Parachutiste d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale) National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale) Search Sections of National Gendarmerie (Sections de Recherche de la Gendarmerie Nationale) responsible criminal enquiries Mobile Brigades of National Gendarmerie (Brigades mobiles de la Gendarmerie Nationale or short Gendarmerie mobile) which have task maintain public orderThe following special units also part of Gendarmerie Republican Guard (Garde républicaine) which protects public buildings hosting major French institutions Maritime Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie maritime) serving Coast Guard Provost Service (Prévôté) acting Military Police branch of GendarmerieBastille Day Paris. Main article Art Paris Théâtre des Célestins (1877) designed Gaspard André, Panorama of Paris seen from Eiffel Tower full 360-degree view (river flowing from north-east south-west right left). Châteaux Main articles Gaul Celts Roman Gaul, With 6 millions tourists year castles of Loire Valley (French châteaux) Loire Valley itself third leading tourist destination France this World Heritage Site noteworthy its architectural heritage its historic towns but particular its castles such Châteaux d'Amboise de Chambord d'Ussé de Villandry Chenonceau Montsoreau Château de Chantilly Versailles Vaux-le-Vicomte all three located near Paris also visitor attractionsUNESCO World Heritage Sites protected areas.
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