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On 14 June 1940 German Army Marched Into Paris Which Had Been Declared Open City16–17 July 1942 Following German Orders French Police Gendarmes Arrested 12,884 Jews Including 4,115 Children Confined Them During Five Days Vel D'Hiv (Vélodrome D'Hiver) From Which They Were Transported Train Extermination Camp Auschwitz None Of Children Came Back25 August 1944 City Was Liberated French 2nd Armoured Division 4th Infantry Division Of United States Army General Charles De Gaulle Led Huge Emotional Crowd Down Champs Élysées Towards Notre Dame De Paris Made Rousing Speech From Hôtel De VilleIn 1950s 1960s Paris Became One Front Of Algerian War Independence August 1961 Pro-independence FLN Targeted Killed 11 Paris Policemen Leading Imposition Of Curfew Muslims Of Algeria (who That Time Were French Citizens) 17 October 1961 Unauthorised But Peaceful Protest Demonstration Of Algerians Against Curfew Led Violent Confrontations Between Police Demonstrators Which Least 40 People Were Killed Including Some Thrown Into Seine Anti-independence Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS) Their Part Carried Out Series Of Bombings Paris Throughout 1961 1962In May 1968 Protesting Students Occupied Sorbonne Put Up Barricades Latin Quarter Thousands Of Parisian Blue-collar Workers Joined Students Movement Grew Into Two-week General Strike Supporters Of Government Won June Elections Large Majority May 1968 Events France Resulted Break-up Of University Of Paris Into 13 Independent Campuses1975 National Assembly Changed Status Of Paris That Of Other French Cities And 25 March 1977 Jacques Chirac Became First Elected Mayor Of Paris Since 1793Tour Maine-Montparnasse Tallest Building City 57 Storeys 210 Metres (689 Feet) High Was Built Between 1969 1973 Was Highly Controversial Remains Only Building Centre Of City Over 32 Storeys Highpopulation Of Paris Dropped From 2,850,000 1954 2,152,000 1990 Middle-class Families Moved Suburbssuburban Railway Network RER (Réseau Express Régional) Was Built Complement Métro Périphérique Expressway Encircling City Was Completed 1973Most Of Postwar's Presidents Of Fifth Republic Wanted Leave Their Own Monuments Paris President Georges Pompidou Started Centre Georges Pompidou (1977) Valéry Giscard D'Estaing Began Musée D'Orsay (1986) President François Mitterrand Power 14 Years Built Opéra Bastille (1985–1989) New Site Of Bibliothèque Nationale De France (1996) Arche De La Défense (1985–1989) Louvre Pyramid With Its Underground Courtyard (1983–1989) Jacques Chirac (2006) Musée Du Quai BranlyIn Early 21st Century Population Of Paris Began Increase Slowly Again More Young People Moved Into City Reached 2.25 Million 2011 March 2001 Bertrand Delanoë Became First Socialist Mayor Of Paris 2007 Effort Reduce Car Traffic City He Introduced Vélib' System Which Rents Bicycles Use Of Local Residents Visitors Bertrand Delanoë Also Transformed Section Of Highway Along Left Bank Of Seine Into Urban Promenade Park Promenade Des Berges De La Seine Which He Inaugurated June 2013In 2007 President Nicolas Sarkozy Launched Grand Paris Project Integrate Paris More Closely With Towns Region Around It After Many Modifications New Area Named Metropolis Of Grand Paris With Population Of 6.7 Million Was Created 1 January 20162011 City Of Paris National Government Approved Plans Grand Paris Express Totalling 205 Kilometres (127 Miles) Of Automated Metro Lines Connect Paris Innermost Three Departments Around Paris Airports High-speed Rail (TGV) Stations Estimated Cost Of €35 Billionsystem Scheduled Be Completed 2030On 5 April 2014 Anne Hidalgo Socialist Was Elected First Female Mayor Of ParisTerrorist Attacks
A map of arrondissements of Paris, Marseille connected Marseille Métro train system operated Régie des transports de Marseille (RTM) consists of two lines Line 1 (blue) between Castellane La Rose opened 1977 Line 2 (red) between Sainte-Marguerite-Dromel Bougainville opened between 1984 1987 extension of Line 1 from Castellane La Timone was completed 1992 another extension from La Timone La Fourragère (2.5 km (1.6 mi) 4 new stations) was opened May 2010 Métro system operates turnstile system with tickets purchased nearby adjacent automated booths Both lines of Métro intersect Gare Saint-Charles Castellane Three bus rapid transit lines under construction better connect Métro farther places (Castellane -> Luminy Capitaine Gèze – La Cabucelle -> Vallon des Tuves La Rose -> Château Gombert – Saint Jérome)The new tramway, Le Penseur Auguste Rodin (1902) Musée Rodin ParisIn second part of 19th century France's influence over painting became even more important with development of new styles of painting such Impressionism Symbolism most famous impressionist painters of period were Camille Pissarro Édouard Manet Edgar Degas Claude Monet Auguste Renoirsecond generation of impressionist-style painters Paul Cézanne Paul Gauguin Toulouse-Lautrec Georges Seurat were also avant-garde of artistic evolutions, well fauvist artists Henri Matisse André Derain Maurice de VlaminckAt beginning of 20th century Cubism was developed Georges Braque Spanish painter Pablo Picasso living Paris Other foreign artists also settled worked or near Paris such Vincent van Gogh Marc Chagall Amedeo Modigliani Wassily KandinskyMany museums France entirely or partly devoted sculptures painting works huge collection of old masterpieces created before or during 18th century displayed state-owned Musée du Louvre such Mona Lisa also known La Joconde While Louvre Palace has been long time museum Musée d'Orsay was inaugurated 1986 old railway station Gare d'Orsay major reorganisation of national art collections gather French paintings from second part of 19th century (mainly Impressionism Fauvism movements)Modern works presented Musée National d'Art Moderne which moved 1976 Centre Georges Pompidou These three state-owned museums welcome close 17 million people year Other national museums hosting paintings include Grand Palais (1.3 million visitors 2008) but there also many museums owned cities most visited being Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (0.8 million entries 2008) which hosts contemporary works Outside Paris all large cities have Museum of Fine Arts with section dedicated European French painting Some of finest collections Lyon Lille Rouen Dijon Rennes GrenobleArchitecture. In 20th century Paris literary community was dominated figures such Colette André Gide François Mauriac André Malraux Albert Camus and after World War II Simone de Beauvoir Jean-Paul Sartre Between wars was home of many important expatriate writers including Ernest Hemingway Samuel Beckett and 1970s Milan Kundera winner of 2014 Nobel Prize Literature Patrick Modiano (who lives Paris) based most of his literary work depiction of city during World War II 1960s–1970sParis city of books bookstores 1970s 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found Paris almost all Left Bank 5th 6th 7th arrondissements Since that time because of high prices some publishers have moved out less expensive areas also city of small bookstores There about 150 bookstores 5th arrondissement alone plus another 250 book stalls along Seine Small Paris bookstores protected against competition from discount booksellers French law books even e-books cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover priceMusic, Most of low-lying areas of metropolitan France located oceanic climate zone Cfb Cfc Köppen classification Corsica small part of territory bordering mediterranean basin lies Csa Csb zones French metropolitan territory relatively large climate not uniform giving rise following climate nuances. Italy Rome Italy 1956 France has 37 sites inscribed UNESCO's World Heritage List features cities of high cultural interest beaches seaside resorts ski resorts rural regions that many enjoy their beauty tranquillity (green tourism) Small picturesque French villages promoted through association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (literally The Most Beautiful Villages of France) Remarkable Gardens label list of over 200 gardens classified French Ministry of Culture This label intended protect promote remarkable gardens parks France attracts many religious pilgrims their way St James or Lourdes town Hautes-Pyrénées that hosts several million visitors yearEnergy. Le Serment du Jeu de paume Jacques-Louis David 1791 Seule Paris est digne de Rome seule Rome est digne de Paris (in French).
Hector Berlioz 1863, Palme d'Or award presentation case, Main article Libraries Paris The first book printed France Epistolae (Letters) Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza) was published Paris 1470 press established Johann Heynlin Since then Paris has been centre of French publishing industry home of some of world's best-known writers poets setting many classic works of French literature Almost all books published Paris Middle Ages were Latin rather than French Paris did not become acknowledged capital of French literature until 17th century with authors such Boileau Corneille La Fontaine Molière Racine several coming from provinces foundation of Académie française 18th century literary life of Paris revolved around cafés salons was dominated Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau Pierre de Marivaux BeaumarchaisDuring 19th century Paris was home subject some of France's greatest writers including Charles Baudelaire Stéphane Mallarmé Mérimée Alfred de Musset Marcel Proust Émile Zola Alexandre Dumas Gustave Flaubert Guy de Maupassant Honoré de Balzac Victor Hugo's Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired renovation of its setting Notre-Dame de Paris Another of Victor Hugo's works Les Misérables written while he was exile outside France during Second Empire described social change political turmoil Paris early 1830s One of most popular of all French writers Jules Verne worked Theatre Lyrique Paris stock exchange while he did research his stories National Library.[citation not found]. Main article Cinema of France Saint-Bruno des Chartreux (17th 18th century) church masterpiece of Baroque architecture The National University Library campus of University of StrasbourgIn 1802 Napoleon created lycée Nevertheless Jules Ferry who considered be father of French modern school which free secular compulsory until age of 13 since 1882 (school attendance France now compulsory until age of 16)Nowadays schooling system France centralised composed of three stages primary education secondary education higher education Programme International Student Assessment coordinated OECD ranked France's education about OECD average 2015 Primary secondary education predominantly public run Ministry of National Education France education compulsory from six sixteen years old public school secular free While training remuneration of teachers curriculum responsibility of state centrally management of primary secondary schools overseen local authorities Primary education comprises two phases nursery school (école maternelle) elementary school (école élémentaire) Nursery school aims stimulate minds of very young children promote their socialisation development of basic grasp of language number Around age of six children transfer elementary school whose primary objectives learning about writing arithmetic citizenship Secondary education also consists of two phases first delivered through colleges (collège) leads national certificate (Diplôme national du brevet) second offered high schools (lycée) finishes national exams leading baccalaureate (baccalauréat available professional technical or general flavours) or certificate of professional competence (certificat d'aptitude professionelle)Higher education divided between public universities prestigious selective Grandes écoles such Sciences Po Paris Political studies HEC Paris Economics Polytechnique École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris that produce high-profile engineers or École nationale d'administration careers Grands Corps of state Grandes écoles have been criticised alleged elitism they have produced many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants CEOs politiciansSince higher education funded state fees very low tuition fees vary from €150 €700 depending university different levels of education (licence master doctorate) One can therefore get master's degree (in 5 years) about €750–3,500 tuition fees public engineering schools comparable universities albeit little higher (around €700) However they can reach €7000 year private engineering schools while business schools which all private or partially private charge up €15000 year Health insurance students free until age of 20Culture. Université Jean Moulin (Lyon 3), Protestant (20,000) The Roman Catholic Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, see description See also List of twin towns sister cities of Paris.
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